Sinauli Is An Archaeological Site Of India

     Sinauli is an archaeological site located in Baraut tehsil, Baghpat district, western

Uttar Pradesh, India.The site gained attention for its Bronze Age solid-disk wheel carts, found in 2018, which were interpreted by some as horse-pulled "chariots", predating the arrival of the horse-centered Indo-Aryans.

     The excavations in Sinauli were conducted by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 2005-06 and in mid-2018. The remains found in 2005-06 season, the "Sanauli cemetery", belong to the Late Bronze Age and were ascribed by excavation director Sharma to the Harappan Civilisation, though a Late Harappan Phase or post-Harappan identification is more likely.

     Major findings from 2018 trial excavations are ascribed to the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP)/Copper Hoard Culture, which was contemporaneous with the Late Harappan culture and may have come in contact with a "pre-Ṛigvedic wave" of Indo-Iranians coming to South Asia. They include several wooden coffin burials, copper swords, helmets, and wooden carts, with solid disk wheels and protected by copper sheets. The carts were presented by Sanjay Manjul, director of the excavations, as horse-pulled chariots and he further notes that "the rituals relating to the Sanauli burials showed close affinity with Vedic rituals.

Documentary of Sinauli.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDlhxzCJ5oA

National Education Policy 2020

         The National Education Policy 2020, which was approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of India's new education system. The new policy replaces the previous National Policy on Education, 1986. 

            Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language.   Himachal Pradesh has become the first state to implement New Education Policy 2020. The national educational policy should be implemented in all schools over India by 2022.

             National Education Policy 2020 envisions an India-centric education system that contributes directly to transforming our nation sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society by providing high-quality education to all.

School education

        The policy raises the importance of mother tongue and regional languages; medium of instruction until class 5 and preferably beyond should be in these languages. Sanskrit and foreign languages will also be given emphasis. The policy also states that no language will be imposed on the students.

• The "10 + 2" structure will be replaced with "5+3+3+4" model.

• Foundational Stage: This is further subdivided into two parts: 3 years of preschool or anganwadi, followed by classes 1 and 2 in primary school. This will cover children of ages 3-8 years. The focus of studies will be in activity-based learning.

• Preparatory Stage: Classes 3 to 5, which will cover the ages of 8-11 years. It will gradually introduce subjects like speaking, reading, writing, physical education, languages, art, science and mathematics.

• Middle Stage: Classes 6 to 8, covering children between ages 11 and 14. It will introduce students to the more abstract concepts in subjects of mathematics, sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities.

• Secondary Stage: Classes 9 to 12, covering the ages of 14-19 years. It is again subdivided into two parts: classes 9 and 10 covering the first phase while classes 11 and 12 covering the second phase. These 4 years of study are intended to inculcate multidisciplinary study, coupled with depth and critical thinking. Multiple options of subjects will be provided.

• Instead of exams being held every academic year, school students will only attend three exams, in classes 2, 5 and 8.

• Board exams will be continued to be held for classes 10 and 12 but will be re-designed. Standards for this will be established by an assessment body, PARAKH(Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)

•  To make them easier, these exams would be conducted twice a year, with students being offered up to two attempts. The exam itself would have two parts, namely the objective and the descriptive.

• This policy aims at reducing the curriculum load of students and allowing them to be more "inter-disciplinary" and "multi-lingual". One example given was "If a student wants to pursue fashion studies with physics, or if one wants to learn bakery with chemistry, they'll be allowed to do so." Report cards will be "holistic", offering information about the student's skills.

• Coding will be introduced from class 6 and experiential learning will be adopted

• The Midday Meal Scheme will be extended to include breakfasts. More focus will be given to students' health, particularly mental health, through the deployment of counsellors and social workers.

Higher education

• It proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate programme with multiple exit options. These will include professional and vocational areas and will be implemented as follows

• A certificate after completing 1 year of study
• A diploma after completing 2 years of study
• A Bachelor's degree after completion of a 3-year programme
• A 4-year multidisciplinary Bachelor's degree (the preferred option)

• MPhil (Masters of Philosophy) courses are to be discontinued to align degree education with how it is in Western models.

• A Higher Education Council of India (HECI) will be set up to regulate higher education. The council's goal will be to increase gross enrollment ratio. The HECI will have 4 verticals

• National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC), to regulate higher education, including teacher education, while excluding medical and legal education.

• National Accreditation Council (NAC), a "meta-accrediting body".
• Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC), for funding and financing of universities and colleges. This will replace the existing National Council for Teacher Education, All India Council for Technical Education and the University Grants Commission.

• General Education Council (GEC), to frame "graduate attributes", namely the learning outcomes expected. It will also be responsible in framing a National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF). The National Council for Teacher Education will come under the GEC, as a professional standard setting body (PSSB).

• Other PSSBs will include professional councils such as Veterinary Council of India, Council of Architecture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Council for Vocational Education and Training.

• The National Testing Agency will now be given the additional responsibility of conducting entrance examinations for admissions to universities across the country, in addition to the JEE Main and NEET.

• The policy proposes that higher education institutes like the IITs make changes with regard to the diversity of learning.

• The policy proposes to internationalize education in India. Foreign universities can now set up campuses in India.

• The fees of both private and public universities will be fixed.

Teacher education

                The NEP 2020 puts forward many policy changes when it comes to teachers and teacher education.To become a teacher, a 4-year Bachelor of Education will be the minimum requirement needed by 2030. The teacher recruitment process will also be strengthened and made transparent. The National Council for Teacher Education will frame a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and a National Professional Standards for Teachers by 2022. The policy aims to ensure that all students at all levels of school education are taught by passionate, motivated, highly qualified, professionally trained, and well equipped teachers.

Other changes

Under NEP 2020, numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts have been given legislative permission to be formed. 

• National Education Commission, headed by the Prime Minister of India

• Academic Bank of Credit, a digital storage of credits earned to help resume education by utilising credits for further education

• National Research Foundation, to improve research and innovation

• Special Education Zones, to focus on the education of underrepresented group in disadvantaged regions

• Gender Inclusion Fund, for assisting the nation in the education of female and transgender children

• National Educational Technology Forum, a platform to facilitate exchange of ideas on technology usage to improve learning

          The policy proposes new language institutions such as the Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation and the National Institute/ Institutes for Pali, Persian and Prakrit. Other bodies proposed include the National Mission for Mentoring, National Book Promotion Policy, National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.